Penard Labs

●●●● Difflugina

Meisterfeld 2002 sensu Kosakyan et al. 2016

Test either completely chitinoid or comprising organic or mineral particles, or recycled diatom frustules, scales or plates (often from Euglyphida), or composed of siliceous, calcite, or chitinoid self-secreted plates (idiosomes) held together by an organic cement; may produce thick, digitate pseudopodia, or move using a flattened, disc-like hyaline projection.

●●●●● Centropyxis

Stein 1857

Aperture eccentric; often invaginated.

●●●●● Hyalospheniidae

Schulze 1877, emend. Kosakyan and Lara 2012

Test rigid, chitinoid, clear, oval- or flask-shaped, aperture terminal bordered with an organic collar. Test is either a completely self-secreted organic matrix or with additional self-secreted silicious plates or with recycled shell plates of small euglyphids or other similar material such as diatom frustules.

●●●●●● Hyalosphenia

Stein 1859

Species with compressed, chitinoid transparent test with no foreign material; pseudostome often with a thickened lip.

Hyalosphenia papilio Leidy 1874 Common in wet sphagnum; always with Chlorella symbionts.

●●●●●● Nebela

Leidy 1874 emend. Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell and Lara 2016

Test rounded, ovoid-pyriform, or wide-pyriform, rarely with a keel (partial or complete) or other lateral expansions, with or without wavy lateral margins. Pseudostome ranging from linear to strongly curved, bordered by a thin organic lip (rim, collar or fringe). Test hyaline or slightly yellowish, reinforced with circular to elongated shell plates apparently recycled mostly from euglyphid testate amoeba prey, sometimes also including fragments of diatom frustules or other small mineral elements.

●●●●●● Longinebela

Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell and Lara 2016

Test elongated-pyriform, with a distinct neck, lateral margins (that can be straight or wavy) tapering towards the aperture. Test hyaline or slightly yellowish, composed of circular to elongated shell plates probably recycled from euglyphid testate amoeba prey.

●●●●●● Gibbocarina

Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell and Lara 2016

Test elongated-pyriform, with the lateral sides tapering towards the pseudostome, with a hollow tuberous keel surrounding the entire posterior end of the test. Test hyaline or slightly yellowish, composed of circular to elongated shell plates, probably recycled from euglyphid testate amoeba prey.

●●●●●● Quadrulella

(Wallich 1863) Cockerell 1909 emend. Kosakyan, Lahr, Mulot, Meisterfeld, Mitchell and Lara 2016

Test pyriform, or elongated-pyriform, with the lateral sides tapering towards the pseudostome, with or without distinct neck. Always laterally compressed, elliptical in cross section. Pseudostome ranging from linear to strongly curved, with or without thickened organic lip. Test hyaline, composed of self-secreted square plates.

●●●●●● Padaungiella Lara and Todorov 2012

Test lageniform with a distinct elongated neck. Laterally compressed with the exception of two species (P. nebeloides and P. pulcherrima, which have a circular closs section). The pseudostome ranges from linear to strongly curved, with or without thickened organic lip. Test hyaline or slightly yellowish-brownish, composed of circular to elongated test plates predated from small euglyphids. One notable exception is P. nebeloides that can use mineral particles and produce a test somewhat similar to that of the genus Difflugia.

●●●●● Microchlamyiidae

Ogden 1985, emend. Kudryavtsev and Hausmann 2007

Test proteinaceous, rigid, finely areolate. Cytoplasm either enclosed in a separate membrane sac with single aperture, attached to the main test, (Microchlamys) or the peripheral part of the test membranous with a single aperture, in which case there is no separate membrane sac between the cell body and test (Spumochlamys). Nucleus central. Sometimes with cysts. TEM images are necessary to distinguish the genera.

●●●●● Difflugia

Leclerc 1815

Test composed of agglutinated mineral particles or diatom frustules in a structured or sheet-like organic cement. Aperture terminal; of variable shape.

●●●●● Lesquereusia

Schlumberger 1845

Test composed of endogenous siliceous rods, diatom frustules or collected mineral particles or a mixture of both. Idiosomes and xenosomes agglutinated by a mesh-like organic cement. Test with attached neck.